Optical and Thermal Performance Analysis of a Steady Spherical Collector with a Crescent-shaped Rotating Absorber

In this paper, optical analysis of spherical concentrator is made to determine the local and the global geometric concentration, as knowing the geometric concentration of a system can help predict what temperatures can possibly be obtained with it.This leads to conclude that spherical collectors may produce higher temperatures than parabolic trough, and they could even be sharply improved by using a mixt cylindrical and cavity (or flat) absorber. A craft prototype of a steady spherical concentrator made with concreteand having a smooth inner surface mapped with mirror tape is presented. Its absorber is made with blacken steel sheets and shaped like a moon crescent to be aligned with the declination plan and to avoid motorization for the tracking of the sun from East to West. Experimental measurements lead to temperatures reaching 686°C on the curve of the least diffusion, and 252°C in the absorber oven-like reservoir. Overall, the resultsuggests higher potentialities of spherical collectors,which also show possibility of use with much reduced tracking system and less vulnerability to bad weather

Socializing One Health: an innovative strategy to investigate social and behavioral risks of emerging viral threats

In an effort to strengthen global capacity to prevent, detect, and control infectious diseases in animals and people, the United States Agency for International Development’s (USAID) Emerging Pandemic Threats (EPT) PREDICT project funded development of regional, national, and local One Health capacities for early disease detection, rapid response, disease control, and risk reduction. From the outset, the EPT approach was inclusive of social science research methods designed to understand the contexts and behaviors of communities living and working at human-animal-environment interfaces considered high-risk for virus emergence. Using qualitative and quantitative approaches, PREDICT behavioral research aimed to identify and assess a range of socio-cultural behaviors that could be influential in zoonotic disease emergence, amplification, and transmission. This broad approach to behavioral risk characterization enabled us to identify and characterize human activities that could be linked to the transmission dynamics of new and emerging viruses. This paper provides a discussion of implementation of a social science approach within a zoonotic surveillance framework. We conducted in-depth ethnographic interviews and focus groups to better understand the individual- and community-level knowledge, attitudes, and practices that potentially put participants at risk for zoonotic disease transmission from the animals they live and work with, across 6 interface domains. When we asked highly-exposed individuals (ie. bushmeat hunters, wildlife or guano farmers) about the risk they perceived in their occupational activities, most did not perceive it to be risky, whether because it was normalized by years (or generations) of doing such an activity, or due to lack of information about potential risks. Integrating the social sciences allows investigations of the specific human activities that are hypothesized to drive disease emergence, amplification, and transmission, in order to better substantiate behavioral disease drivers, along with the social dimensions of infection and transmission dynamics. Understanding these dynamics is critical to achieving health security--the protection from threats to health-- which requires investments in both collective and individual health security. Involving behavioral sciences into zoonotic disease surveillance allowed us to push toward fuller community integration and engagement and toward dialogue and implementation of recommendations for disease prevention and improved health security